German grammar · Intermediate (B1)
The Konjunktiv II: würde, hätte, wäre, könnte
How to talk about wishes, imagined situations and polite requests, and what would have happened, with the German Konjunktiv II.
What it's for
The Konjunktiv II (subjunctive II) is the form for things that aren't real: wishes, imagined situations and advice. It also makes requests more polite. English uses “would”, “could” or a past form for this: , … (if I had time, …).
würde + infinitive
For most verbs, use + the infinitive at the end: comes from .
| Person | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| / / | ||||
| / |
hätte, wäre and the modal verbs
, and the modal verbs use their own forms instead of : , , , , , , . Most are the Präteritum with an umlaut: → , → . and look exactly like the Präteritum. also has a common form: .
For imagined situations, use with the verb at the end:
- Wenn wir am Meer wären, könnten wir jeden Tag schwimmen.If we were by the sea, we could swim every day.
- Du solltest mehr schlafen.You should sleep more.
Wishes, advice and polite requests
With , the Konjunktiv II says what you'd like: For advice, use / or … (if I were you, I'd …). For polite requests, use …?, …?, and for suggestions … or …?
- Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen?Could you help me, please?
- An deiner Stelle würde ich mit ihm reden.If I were you, I'd talk to him.
The past: hätte / wäre + participle
For a past that didn't happen, use or + past participle. The choice between and is the same as in the Perfekt: (if I had known that, I would have gone earlier).
- Das hätte ich nicht gedacht.I wouldn't have thought so.
- Ohne dich wäre das nicht passiert.Without you that wouldn't have happened.
Should have, could have, as if
With a modal verb in the past, use + infinitive + modal infinitive: (I should have studied more), (we could have left earlier). The modal verb stays in the infinitive.
+ Konjunktiv II means “as if”: Without , the verb comes straight after :
- Du hättest mich anrufen sollen.You should have called me.
- Es sieht aus, als würde es gleich regnen.It looks as if it's going to rain any minute.